Different Degrees Of Substitution Research Articles

Fabrication, structure, characterization and emulsion application of citrate agar

Citric acid esterified agar (CA) with different degrees of substitution (DS) was prepared, and CA gel was used to stabilize O/W emulsions. Compared with native agar (NA), CA had lower gel strength, higher transparency, and higher water contact angle. Further analysis of DS, group content ratio, Fourier transform infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance data showed that the CA underwent cross-linking reaction. Emulsion properties revealed that CA gel emulsion (CAGE) had smaller particle size and lower ζ-potential than the NA gel emulsion (NAGE). Meanwhile, confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed that CA gel stabilized emulsions by forming a protective film around the oil droplets. Stability tests showed that CAGE (prepared with CA gel [DS = 0.145]) was more stable than NAGE at pH 3–11. Rheological results further confirmed that emulsion stability was influenced by electrostatic repulsion and gel adsorption. The application prospect of CAGE was evaluated by encapsulating vitamin D3 and curcumin.

Influence of degree of substitution on the hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin complexation with rifampicin in water solution: a molecular simulation.

Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) is one of the derivatized cyclodextrins most widely used as an excipient in the pharmaceutical industry, for its capacity to improve certain drugs properties. Different configurations of HPβCD are possible depending on the number and location of the 2-hydroxypropyl groups substituted on the glucose rings. Rifampicin has become the most commonly clinically used antibiotic against tuberculosis in recent years, despite its low solubility and variable bioavailability. Different techniques and materials have been proposed to enhance the properties of rifampicin: cyclodextrin complexation is one of them. The van der Waals term was the main contribution to the interaction energy, which then decisively conditioned the complex configurations. The size of rifampicin did not allow the whole molecule to fit into the host. Moreover, interaction energy was much greater when the guest was located near each rim of HPβCD, where rifampicin was partially included in the cavity and formed inclusion complexes. The piperazine tail of rifampicin was included inside the host in minimum energy structures and the guest was situated near the primary rim of HPβCD in most cases, although the complex configurations depended on the degree of substitution. A molecular mechanics simulation based on the GROMOS 53A6 force field was applied in this work to study the inclusion complexes formed by twelve configurations of HPβCD, with different degrees of substitution and rifampicin in water solution. We determined the penetration potential, the complex structures with minimum energies, the possibility of forming inclusion complexes other than those of minimum energies and potential energy surfaces.

Synthesis and Characterization of New Nanohybrids Based on Carboxymethyl Scleroglucan and Silica Nanoparticles.

In this study, two new nanohybrids (NH-A and NH-B) were synthesized through carbodiimide-assisted coupling. The reaction was performed between carboxymethyl-scleroglucans (CMS-A and CMS-B) with different degrees of substitution and commercial amino-functionalized silica nanoparticles using 4-(dimethylamino)-pyridine (DMAP) and N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) as catalysts. The morphology and properties of the nanohybrids were investigated by using transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron-dispersive scanning (EDS), attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The nanohybrids exhibited differences in structure due to the incorporation of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) materials. The results reveal that hybrid nanomaterials exhibit similar thermal properties but differ in morphology, chemical structure, and crystallinity properties. Finally, a viscosity study was performed on the newly obtained nanohybrid materials; viscosities of nanohybrids increased significantly in comparison to the carboxymethyl-scleroglucans, with a viscosity difference of 7.2% for NH-A and up to 32.6% for NH-B.

Preparation of pickering emulsions stabilised by octenyl succinic anhydride modified α-cyclodextrins for improving storage stability and curcumin bioavailability

In this work, octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) modified α-cyclodextrins (α-CDs) with different degrees of substitution (DS) were prepared as a novel emulsifier particles to improve emulsion stability and bioavailability of curcumin. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance verified the successful esterification of OSA with α-CDs. The DS of α-CD increased significantly (from 0.000 to 0.025) with increasing OSA addition (from 0% to 9%). The morphology of OSA-α-CDs was changed and the thermal stability was decreased. Zeta potential and particle size were significantly changed. At DS = 0.017, the particle size was minimum with uniformity and stability. Compared to α-CD, Pickering emulsions prepared from OSA-α-CDs had smaller and uniformly distributed emulsion particle sizes. It possessed good storage stability after 30 days of storage. For Pickering emulsions loaded with curcumin, the OSA-α-CD stabilised emulsion (DS = 0.017) showed the greatest encapsulation efficiency of 81.22% for curcumin. In addition, emulsions with smaller particle size had higher free fatty acid release and increased bioavailability by 10.3%. These findings provided some theoretical basis for the development and utilization of novel emulsifiers and the application aspects of using emulsions as carriers for delivering functional factors.

Micellar structure of nonenyl succinic anhydride modified pullulan in aqueous solution

A polydisperse pullulan (PUL) sample was hydrophobically modified by nonenyl succinic anhydride (NSA) with four different degree of substitution (DS) samples (PUL-NSA). Small-angle X-ray scattering functions and pyrene-probe fluorescence were measured for PUL-NSA samples in 0.05 M aqueous NaCl. Both the SAXS and fluorescence results can be explained by the loose flower necklace model well. The SAXS results of PUL-NSA was different from that of the random copolymer of octenyl succinic anhydride hydrophobically modified PUL (PUL-OSA) with approximate DS. The stiffness of the flower necklace qFN for PUL-NSA was lower than PUL-OSA, probably due to the differences in the alkyl chain length.

Study of the structural characterization, physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of phosphorylated long-chain inulin with different degrees of substitution

In this study, phosphorylated derivatives of long-chain inulin with different substitution degrees were prepared. The synthesized samples were named PFXL-1, PFXL-2, PFXL-3, and PFXL-4 according to their degree of substitution (from low to high). The structures of FXL and PFXL were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and the results indicated the successful introduction of phosphate groups. FXL and PFXL were composed of two types of sugar, fructose and glucose, with a molar ratio of 0.977:0.023. The SEM results showed that phosphorylation changed the morphology of FXL from an irregular mass to small spherical aggregates. The XRD pattern showed that the crystallinity was reduced by the introduction of phosphate groups. The Mw of FXL was 2649 g/mol, and the Mw of PFXL-4 increased the most (2965 g/mol). Additionally, PFXL was more stable and uniform, and the absolute value of the PFXL potential reached 7.83 mV. Phosphorylation decreased the weight loss rate of FXL and improved the viscoelastic properties and antioxidant activity of FXL. This study presents a method for the modification of FXL, demonstrating that phosphorylation can enhance its physicochemical properties and physiological activity and suggesting its potential as a functional food and quality modifier.

Phosphorylation Modification, Structural Characterization, Antioxidant and DNA Protection Capacities of Polysaccharides from Asarum Sieboldii Miq.

Polysaccharide from Asarum sieboldii Miq (ASP) was extracted and five phosphorylation polysaccharides with different degree of substitution were obtained, namely ASPP1, ASPP2, ASPP3, ASPP4, and ASPP5 (ASPPs). The physical and chemical structure and biological activities were studied. The results suggested that the carbohydrate and protein content were reduced while uronic acid was increased after phosphorylation modification. The molecular weight of ASPPs was significantly lower than that of ASP. ASPPs were acidic heteropolysaccharides mainly composed of galacturonic acid, galactose, glucose, fructose, and arabinose. The UV-vis spectrum indicated that the polysaccharides did not contain nucleic acid or protein after modification. The Fourier transform infrared spectrum demonstrated that ASPPs contained characteristic absorption peaks of P=O and P-O-C near 1270 and 980 cm-1 . ASPPs presented a triple helix conformation, but it was not presented in ASP. The scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the surface topography and particle structure of ASP were different after modification. Compared with ASP, ASPPs enhanced the activity to scavenge DPPH and ABTS free radicals and possessed more protective ability to DNA oxidation caused by OH⋅, GS⋅, and AAPH free radicals. These results suggest that chemical modification is beneficial for the exploitation and utilization of natural polysaccharides.

Study on fermentation preparation, physicochemical properties and biological activity of carboxymethylpachymaran with different degrees of substitution.

Carboxymethylpachymaran (CMP) is created by carboxymethylating pachyman (PM), which increases its water solubility and enhances a number of biological activities. Traditional polysaccharides modified by carboxymethylation employ strong chemical techniques. Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) has been used previously for liquid fermentation to carboxymethyl modify bacterial polysaccharides. This theory can be applied to fungal polysaccharides because Poria cocos has the ability to naturally utilize cellulose. CMC with different degrees of substitution (DS) (0.7, 0.9 and 1.2) were added to P. cocos fermentation medium, and CMPs with different DS (0.38, 0.56 and 0.78, respectively) were prepared by liquid fermentation. The physical and chemical properties and biological activities of the CMPs were determined. Their structures were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and monosaccharide composition. With the increase of DS, the viscosity and viscosity-average molecular weight of CMPs decreased, whereas polysaccharide content and water solubility increased, although the triple helix structure was not affected. The results of bioactivity assay showed that the higher the DS of CMPs, the higher the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging ability, and the stronger the bacterial inhibition ability. The present study has developed a method for producing CMPs by P. cocos liquid fermentation. The results of the study confirm that enhancing the DS of CMP could effectively enhance its potential biological activity. The findings provide safe and reliable raw materials for creating CMP-related foods and encourage CMP application in the functional food industry. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Hydrothermal synthesis of Cu-substituted Ni ferrites: Structural, morphological, and magnetic properties

Cu-substituted Ni ferrite systems are produced following a hydrothermal synthetic route carried out at relatively mild conditions (i.e., below 200 °C). Different degrees of substitution were investigated, ranging from bare Ni ferrite to a complete Cu-substituted system (by replacing 100% of Ni with Cu). Morphological and structural characterisations point out that the introduction of Cu in the Ni ferrite (below 50% substitution) causes a gradual reduction of the average diameter of the ferrite polyhedral nanoparticles maintaining the Ni ferrite structure. At higher content of Cu, instead, the morphology evolves toward the co-presence of iron oxides (magnetite and hematite) and copper oxide (tenorite), without the formation of bare Cu ferrite. The partially substituted Ni ferrite nanomaterials exhibit a mostly superparamagnetic behaviour in all samples, registering a reduction of the values of magnetisation saturation by increasing the Cu content. Transmission Mössbauer spectroscopy performed on these nanomaterials evidenced a gradual lowering of the Fe fraction occupying the octahedral sites and a consequent increment of the Fe fraction in the tetrahedral sites. Quantitative analysis confirms the gradual reduction of the Ni content within the ferrite samples, coupled with the opposite increment of the Cu content, whereas the Fe content is lower in the case of Ni75-Cu25 sample. This particular behaviour can be associated with the influence of Cu substitution in the Ni ferrite structure, with preferential replacement of Fe from the octahedral B-sites toward the tetrahedral A-sites.

Carboxymethyl Scleroglucan Synthesized via O-Alkylation Reaction with Different Degrees of Substitution: Rheology and Thermal Stability.

This paper presents the methodology for synthesizing and characterizing two carboxymethyl EOR-grade Scleroglucans (CMS-A and CMS-B). An O-Alkylation reaction was used to insert a hydrophilic group (monochloroacetic acid-MCAA) into the biopolymer's anhydroglucose subunits (AGUs). The effect of the degree of the carboxymethyl substitution on the rheology and thermal stability of the Scleroglucan (SG) was also evaluated. Simultaneous thermal analysis (STA/TGA-DSC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) were employed to characterize both CMS products. FTIR analysis revealed characteristic peaks corresponding to the carboxymethyl functional groups, confirming the modification. Also, SEM analysis provided insights into the structural changes in the polysaccharide after the O-Alkylation reaction. TGA results showed that the carboxymethylation of SG lowered its dehydroxylation temperature but increased its thermal stability above 300 °C. The CMS products and SG exhibited a pseudoplastic behavior; however, lower shear viscosities and relaxation times were observed for the CMS products due to the breakage of the SG triple helix for the chemical modification. Despite the viscosity results, the modified Scleroglucans are promising candidates for developing new engineering materials for EOR processes.

Chitosan polymers randomly labeled with pyrene: synthesis, photophysics, and selective quenching by metal cations and anions

The synthesis together with a comprehensive electronic spectral and photophysical study of two chitosan polymers randomly labeled with different degrees of pyrene were here undertaken. The polymers, denoted as ChiNPy-A and ChiNPy-B, have different degrees of substitution with pyrene (%DSPy), with values of 0.5 and 4.5, respectively. The resulting polymers consist in four distinct units, including the deacetylated and acetylated units and the grafted imine and amine pyrene units, obtained by a Schiff base formation reaction and subsequent reduction, respectively. Time-resolved fluorescence measurements in aqueous solution revealed triple exponential decay fits that characterizes the fluorescence properties of the amine- and imine-pyrene-linked units, as well as self-quenching of pyrene units. The ChiNPy polymer showed fluorescence quenching of its pyrene amine units, with lead (II) and mercury (II) exhibiting the highest degree of fluorescence quenching. From Stern-Volmer type plots, two distinct populations of fluorophores were observed. These findings emphasize the potential of chitosan pyrene-labeled polymers as sensitive fluorescent probes, particularly for detecting metal cations.

Improving the emulsifying capacity of brewers' spent grain arabinoxylan by carboxymethylation

Arabinoxylan derived from brewers' spent grain was carboxymethylated, and the emulsifying capacity of carboxymethylated arabinoxylans (CMAX) with different degrees of substitution (DS) was investigated. Results showed that carboxymethylation greatly enhanced the emulsifying capacity and emulsion stability of CMAX compared to the initial arabinoxylan. CMAX developed decreased ζ-potential, higher hydrophilicity, and improved interfacial adsorption capacity. Consequently, the denser and stronger interface on the oil droplet was formed, and the stabilizing mechanism was altered. Moreover, CMAX with lower DS could effectively stabilize emulsions during storage at a concentration of 0.5 % and pH between 6 and 7. Higher DS, however, led to poorer emulsion stability and greater flocculation as a result of the fragile interface formed by excess intermolecular ionic force. The research found CMAX potential in emulsion stabilizing and further applications in food processing.

Раскрытие экзоцикла форбинов слабыми О-нуклеофилами. Изучение и оптимизация путей синтеза свободного хлорина е6

The article considers issues concerning the reaction of exocycle opening in phorbin molecules (on the example of methylpheophorbide a) under the O nucleophiles - water and alcohols action. According to the author, under certain conditions relatively weak nucleophiles as water and alcohols can cause the opening of the exocycle in the molecule of methylpheophorbide a with the formation of chlorine derivatives e6. The study of this reaction, in addition, reveals new synthetic methods to obtain chlorine e6 esters of different degrees of substitution, and eventually - free chlorine e6 in the form of triacids. Free chlorine is a valuable photosensitiser for photodynamic therapy (PDT), and a starting compound for the preparation of other photosensitizers. The article also discusses possible synthetic approaches to obtain free chlorine e6.

Opening of forbinexocycle by weak O-nucleophiles. Study and optimisation of free chlorine e6 synthesis methods

The article considers issues concerning the reaction of exocycle opening in phorbin molecules (on the example of methylpheophorbide a) under the O nucleophiles - water and alcohols action. According to the author, under certain conditions relatively weak nucleophiles as water and alcohols can cause the opening of the exocycle in the molecule of methylpheophorbide a with the formation of chlorine derivatives e6. The study of this reaction, in addition, reveals new synthetic methods to obtain chlorine e6 esters of different degrees of substitution, and eventually - free chlorine e6 in the form of triacids. Free chlorine is a valuable photosensitiser for photodynamic therapy (PDT), and a starting compound for the preparation of other photosensitizers. The article also discusses possible synthetic approaches to obtain free chlorine e6.

Exploring novel organocatalytic-acetylated pea starch blends in the development of hot-pressed bioplastics

Acetylated starch shows enhanced thermal stability and moisture resistance, but its compatibilization with other more hydrophilic polysaccharides remains poor or unknown. In this study, the feasibility of thermomechanically compounding organocatalytically acetylated pea starch (APS), produced at two different degrees of substitution with alkanoyl groups (DSacyl, 0.39 and 1.00), with native pea starch (NPS), high (HMP) and low methoxyl (LMP) citrus pectin, and sugar beet pectin (SBP, a naturally acetylated pectin) for developing hot-pressed bioplastics was studied. Generally, APS decreased hydrogen bonding (ATR-FTIR) and crystallinity (XRD) of NPS films at different levels, depending on its DSacyl. The poor compatibility between APS and NPS or HMP was confirmed by ATR-FTIR imaging. Contrariwise, APS with DSacyl 1 was effectively thermomechanically mixed with the acetylated SBP matrix, maintaining homogeneous distribution within it (ATR-FTIR imaging). APS (any DSacyl) significantly increased the visible/UV light opacity of NPS-based films and decreased their water vapor transmission rate (WVTR, by ca. 11 %) and surface water wettability (by ca. 3 times). In comparison to NPS-APS films, pectin-APS showed higher visible/UV light absorption, tensile strength (ca.2.9–4.4 vs ca.2.4 MPa), and Young's modulus (ca.96–116 vs ca.60–70 MPa), with SBP-APS presenting significantly lower water wettability than the rest of the films.

The impact of the national volume-based procurement policy on the use of policy-related drugs in Nanjing: an interrupted time-series analysis

BackgroundIn September 2019, the “4 + 7” centralized procurement pilot program was expanded nationwide aiming at reducing drug prices by means of volume-based procurement and using accredited generic drugs for branded drug substitutes. Given the current uncertain effect of the policy outside pilot areas, this study was conducted to evaluate the impact of the National Volume-based Procurement policy on the use of policy-related drugs after expansion.MethodA single-group interrupted time series was applied using drug purchase data, covering 25 months from December 2018 to December 2020. Drugs related to the centralized procurement policy were selected as samples, including 25 first-batch policy-related drugs and 56 alternative drugs. Centralized procured drugs can be divided into bid-winning and non-winning products, where non-winning products were sorted into generic and branded drugs, and alternative products were classified according to different degrees of substitution. Purchase volume, expenditures, and daily costs were measured.ResultsAfter the implementation of the policy, a significant increase was associated with the volume of bid-winning drugs (p < 0.001) and the volume of generic and branded drugs decreased immediately. The DDDc of drugs under the same generic name significantly reduced (an instantaneous drop of bid-winning drugs by approximately 25%, 7.62 CNY for generics and 3.07 CNY for branded drugs), saving 48.2 million CNY of drug expenditures. The policy has a significant effect on the drug for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and exerted little influence on the drug for the treatment of nervous diseases, and the substitution of generics for antitumor-branded drugs was not obvious. In addition, the procurement volume of alternative drugs appeared to be a “carry-over”.ConclusionsThese findings indicated that the policy demonstrated positive effects in terms of price reductions and cost savings and accelerated the substitution of generics against branded drugs. The “patent cliff” for branded drugs has gradually emerged. Besides, a short-term “spillover effect” of the volume of alternative drugs was observed, requiring special attention and vigilance.

Synthesis, physicochemical and emulsifying properties of OSA-modified tamarind seed polysaccharides with different degrees of substitution

Octenyl succinic anhydride modified tamarind seed polysaccharides (OTSPs) with various degrees of substitution were first synthesized and characterized in this work. The structural, solid-state, solution and emulsifying properties of the OTSPs and the effect of the degree of substitution (DS) were investigated. The structural characterization confirmed the successful grafting of the OSA moiety into TSP and the chain extension of the OTSPs. The hydrophobicity of the modified polysaccharide molecules increased, the absolute value of the zeta potential increased, and the thermal stability decreased, which were positively or negatively correlated with the changes in DS. In contrast, the hydrolysis of polysaccharides in alkaline aqueous solution led to a decrease in molar mass and the rigidity of the molecules, which were not significantly related to DS. Particle size analysis showed that OTSPs tended to aggregate into relatively small agglomerates, which was confirmed by the results of morphological analysis. Most importantly, the instability indices of emulsions stabilized by TSP, arabic gum and OSA-starch were 0.521, 0.715, and 0.804, respectively, while for OTSPs this parameter was between 0.04 and 0.19 under the same conditions, indicating better physical stability of the OTSP-stabilized emulsions, especially for OTSP-30. Overall, OTSP has great potential as an emulsifier for oil-in-water emulsions, especially for emulsification and stabilization in food processing.

Preparation and antibacterial activity of chitosan grafted cyclodextrin hydrogel loaded berberine hydrochloride using dual gelling agent

In this paper, cyclodextrin-grafted-chitosan (CD-g-CS) with different degrees of substitution (DS) was synthesized successfully by the reaction of O-p-toluenesulfonyl-β-cyclodextrin (TCD) and chitosan (CS), and a novel injectable thermosensitive hydrogel with rapid gelation was developed by physical cross-linking using dual gelling agents of αβ-glycerophosphate-sodium and hydrogen carbonate (GP-SHC). The results of 1H-NMR showed that the DS of CD-g-CS increased with the increase of TCD/CS (w/w). The influence of CD-g-CS with different DS, the concentration of SHC, and the ratio of CD-g-CS/GP-SHC (v/v) on gel time, swelling, drug release, degradation, and antibacterial activity of hydrogels prepared were studied. The results of FTIR indicated that the intermolecular interaction occurred in the hydrogel. And the hydrogel had a three-dimensional porous structure seen from SEM images. Compared with CS/GP hydrogel, the gel time of prepared hydrogel was shorter, which was less than 6 min, and the shortest gel time was 0.5 min. The prepared hydrogels had a good swelling ratio and degradable behavior. Berberine hydrochloride (BBH) was used as a model drug, and the gel showed a sustained drug release profile. In addition, the hydrogel had excellent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Therefore the BBH@CD-g-CS/GP-SHC hydrogels had great potential in the development of biomedical drug delivery systems and antibacterial materials.

Study on synthesis of carboxymethyl cellulose from pineapple leaf waste and its potential applications as a thickener

In this study, cellulose and hemicellulose were successfully extracted from pineapple leaf waste at yields of 58.8 and 16.1% by dried weight, respectively. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was synthesised from pineapple leaf cellulose by an esterification process using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and monochloroacetic acid (MCA) with isopropanol as the supporting medium. Preparation of CMC was investigated by varying three free factors, namely, NaOH concentration, MCA dose, and cellulose size. The carboxymethylation process was optimised to produce CMC with differing degrees of substitution (DS). The highest DS of CMC (0.86) was obtained with 15% (w/v) NaOH solution, 0.6 g of MCA/g cellulose, and 50 μm cellulose. The obtained CMC were characterised by FTIR spectroscopy, SEM images and XRD diffractions. Moreover, the thickening performance of obtained CMC was also determined. The influence of the CMC’s molecular weight and degree of substitution on the viscosity of 1% (w/v) aqueous solution was tested. The experimental results suggest that the viscosity of the solution increases with increasing molecular weight and degree of substitution of CMC.

The first electrochemical N-arylation of chitosan. Antibacterial effect of novel cationic chitosan derivatives

In this study, we present the first electrochemical N-arylation of chitosan, which serves as a straightforward and convenient method for chemical modification of chitosan under mild conditions. Importantly, this method avoids any undesirable depolymerization of the polysaccharide backbone. Through this process, we successfully synthesized chitosan derivatives with varying molecular weights: low, medium, and high. These derivatives exhibited different degrees of substitution, with values of approximately 20 %, 30 %, and 65 %, respectively. Our elaborately designed polymers possess excellent water solubility across a broad pH range, ranging from strongly alkaline to strongly acidic. Furthermore, we conducted an investigation into the antimicrobial activity of the synthesized derivatives against two bacterial strains, namely S. aureus and E. coli. We found that the antimicrobial effectiveness of the polymers strongly relies on both the degree of substitution and the molecular weight of the derivatives. Notably, derivatives with a high degree of substitution and low molecular weight exhibited the most potent antimicrobial activity. Additionally, we explored the formation of nanoparticles through ionic gelation using highly active antimicrobial derivatives. These nanoparticles displayed an even greater antibacterial effect, comparable to that of commercially available antibiotics. Overall, our findings highlight the significance of electrochemical N-arylation as a viable approach for modifying chitosan, yielding chitosan derivatives with desirable properties for potential applications in various fields, particularly in antimicrobial and nanomedicine domains.